Older adults who regularly eat meals alone are more likely to experience poorer nutrition and health outcomes than those who share meals with others, according to research from Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.

The systematic review pooled findings from 20 international studies examining the relationship between eating alone and health outcomes among community-dwelling adults ages 65 years and over. The researchers found consistent associations between eating alone and poorer diet quality, reduced intake of key food groups such as fruit, vegetables and meat, and an increased risk of weight loss and frailty.

The study authors said the findings highlight the importance of social connections for older people, especially at mealtimes. Lead author Caitlin Wyman of the Flinders’ Caring Futures Institute, noted, “Food is more than the nutritional benefit it provides. Sharing a meal is an important social activity that can influence appetite, dietary variety, and overall wellbeing.”

Drawing on data from over 80,000 older adults across 12 countries, the review revealed that the social setting of eating can have wide-ranging impacts. While a small number of studies found no difference in nutritional outcomes, the majority showed that eating alone was linked to poorer food choices and lower intake of protein-rich foods, which are important for maintenance of muscle and functional ability.

Some studies also found that eating alone was associated with a greater likelihood of weight loss and an elevated risk of frailty.

The authors noted that these findings point to mealtime behavior as a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor nutrition in older age in Australia.

“Eating together fosters connection, enjoyment and nourishment. Encouraging opportunities for shared meals, whether that’s with family, friends, or community programs, could help improve food intake, nutritional status and quality of life for older adults living at home.”

Community-based initiatives, such as neighborhood meal groups, intergenerational dining programs, or local café partnerships, also could help reduce the prevalence of eating alone.

To download the full study, published in Appetite, click here